景注公孫龍與名家-圖象思維的再詮釋

景鴻鑫
國立成功大學航空太空工程學系
成大出版社
2015
ISBN 978-986-5635-10-7

中文摘要

在春秋戰國時代的諸子百家中，就屬名家最為特殊，其中又以公孫龍為最。名家言論自古以來一直被認定為詭辯，西風東漸之後，現代學者從西方哲學的角度也認為名家言論不合邏輯。然而，名家諸公都是辯才無礙、思想敏銳之人，其中的公孫龍更是雄辯天下。如此一個綿延近三百年的學派，如果其言論思想只是詭辯與不合邏輯，實在讓人很難理解。

本書跳脫我國傳統思維的侷限，以及西方哲學的偏見，從最根本的思維方式出發，重新解讀名家與公孫龍的所有言論。本書首先釐清我國基於漢字的圖象思維，以及西方基於字母拼音文字的線型思維之來源與運作方式，以及二者之間的對比，說明何以從我國傳統思維的角度出發會認定名家詭辯，以及又為什麼從西方哲學的觀點看名家的時候，會得到不合邏輯的結論。本書同時針對公孫龍的五篇文章，以及鄧析、惠施與其他不知名辨者的所有論題，從圖象思維的角度，進行逐字解讀，提出不同於古人、也不同於今人的全新詮釋。在希臘哲學史上，詭辯學派常常被人拿來與名家相提並論，本書就以詭辯學派的興衰為對照，說明我國名家的真正歷史意義。同時對比於西方哲學之父蘇格拉底，闡明公孫龍對中國思想的真正貢獻，以及所應該具有的歷史地位，希望能徹底還原名家與公孫龍的本來真面貌，並進一步為建構中國哲學建立扎實的基礎。

ABSTRACT

     Among the scholastic Schools in the Eastern Chou period of ancient China, School of Names is the most special one, the representative figure of it Gongsun Long is even more controversial. In ancient China, School of Names was thought to be notorious for logic-chopping, purportedly idle conceptual puzzles, etc.. From the perspective of Western Philosophy, the modern Chinese scholars again treat the School of Names to be ill-logical. However, the figures of School of Names like Deng Xi, Yin Wen, Hui Shi were all very eloquent and smart, especially Gongsun Long, the most outstanding one in his time. For almost three hundred years, School of Names was so famous and popular, not to say active. It will be very hard to believe that such a School can be completely described to be ill-logical and sophistic.

     This book provides a new perspective different from the traditional Chinese point of view and Western Philosophy, to clarify all the arguments of School of Names based on the operational characteristics of thinking pattern. With the Chinese characters used for more than four thousand years, the thinking pattern of Chinese people was molded to be ideographic one. On the other hand, for the Western people, the thinking pattern is linear based on the alphabetical writing system. Consequently, when the ancient Chinese scholars saw those arguments from School of Names with ideographic point of view, those arguments could be vague enough to create endless debate. Also, from the perspective of Western philosophy, those arguments were obviously ill-logical. Based on the nature of Chinese ideographic thinking pattern and the logical requirements from the Chinese language, this book elucidates the five famous articles written by Gongsun Long word by word, together with the other arguments from Deng Xi and Hui Shi, and those arguments provided by unknown scholars from School of Names to provide a totally new, consistent, and complete interpretation to solve the long-lasting puzzles confusing scholars for thousands of years created by School of Names. Further, being similar to the sophists in ancient Greece, the comparison is made to reveal the real meaning of the School of Names in Chinese history. Compared with Socrates, the father of western philosophy, the real contribution of Gongsun Long is also discussed together with his position in Chinese philosophy. It is hoped that the significance of School of Names and Gongsun Long can be clarified, and the firm foundation of Chinese philosophy, which is also the other confusing topic to be discussed because of the thinking pattern problem, can be established for the future developments.